Artículos científicos

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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12840/9880

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A Taxonomy of Responsible Consumption Initiatives and Their Social Equity Implications
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025-11-28) García-Salirrosas, Elizabeth Emperatriz; Acevedo-Duque, Angel; Millones-Liza, Dany Yudet
In recent years, responsible consumption has emerged as a central practice in organizational transformation towards more sustainable and socially committed models; however, the real impact of these initiatives in terms of social equity has not yet been sufficiently systematized in the scientific literature. This systematic review analyzed organizational responsible consumption initiatives and their contribution to social equity by searching Scopus and Web of Science, applying the PRISMA 2020 protocol to identify, select, and analyze empirical studies published between 2010 and 2025 globally. From 228 documents initially identified, 47 studies that met the eligibility criteria were included after a rigorous selection process. he results revealed a taxonomy of eleven thematic clusters of organizational initiatives that address multiple dimensions of equity: access, distributive, recognition, participatory, contextual, environmental, social, temporal, technological, and relational. Public and social organizations are leading initiatives for equitable access and democratic participation, while the private sector focuses on sustainable business models and technological innovation. The most effective initiatives integrate multiple dimensions of equity and prevent the reproduction of existing inequalities. However, significant limitations were identified, such as greenwashing risks, scalability challenges, and unequal benefit sharing. Evidence suggests that the transformative potential of responsible consumption critically depends on systemic approaches, cross-sector partnerships, and institutional frameworks that ensure long-term, sustainable, equitable impacts.
Development of a Hybrid System Based on the CIELAB Colour Space and Artificial Neural Networks for Monitoring pH and Acidity During Yogurt Fermentation
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025-08-01) Alvarado, Ulises; Tacuriti, Juan; Coloma, Alejandro; Gallegos Rojas, Edgar; Callo, Herbert; Valencia-Sullca, Cristina; Rafael, Nancy Curasi; Castillo, Manuel
Monitoring pH and acidity during yoghurt fermentation is essential for product quality and process efficiency. Conventional measurement methods, however, are invasive and labourintensive. This study developed artificial neural network (ANN) models to predict pH and titratable acidity during yoghurt fermentation using CIELAB colour parameters (L, a*, b*). Reconstituted milk powder with 12% total solids was prepared with varying protein levels (4.2–4.8%), inoculum concentrations (1–3%), and fermentation temperatures (36–44 ◦C). Data were collected every 10 min until pH 4.6 was reached. Forty models were trained for each output variable, using 90% of the data for training and 10% for validation. The first two phases of the fermentation process were clearly distinguishable, lasting between 4.5 and 7 h and exceeding 0.6% lactic acid in all treatments evaluated. The best pH model used two hidden layers with 28 neurons (R2 = 0.969; RMSE = 0.007), while the optimal acidity model had four hidden layers with 32 neurons (R2 = 0.868; RMSE = 0.002). The strong correlation between colour and physicochemical changes confirms the feasibility of this non-destructive approach. Integrating ANN models and colourimetry offers a practical solution for real-time monitoring, helping improve process control in industrial yoghurt production.
Factors associated with diphtheria vaccination completion among children under five years old in Peru 2010–2019: A cross-sectional population-based study
(Elsevier Ltd, 2022-11-05) Gonzales, Antony; Choque, Deysi; Marcos-Carbajal, Pool; Salvatierra, Guillermo
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a minimum of 90% coverage of diphtheria three-dose complete vaccination scheme (DPT) as part of routine immunization programs in children. However, diphtheria coverage in Peru has not reached the minimum recommended during the last decades. Our study aimed to determine the complete three-dose DPT coverage and factors associated with compliance towards complete vaccination in Peru between 2010-2019. We conducted a secondary cross-sectional study using the “Encuesta Demogr afica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES)”- Demographic and Family Health Survey, which is a survey that targets mothers between 15 and 49 years of age. DPT vaccination coverage was 72.4% and several factors were associated with the DPT scheme completion. Women in the age groups 18 to 24 (ORa ¼ 2.31, 95%CI: 2.11–2.52), 25 to 34 (ORa ¼ 3.37, 95% CI: 3.08–3.69), and 35 to 49 (ORa ¼ 4.74, 95% CI: 4.29–5.22) were more likely to complete their children's DPT vaccination scheme compared to those between 15 to 17 years of age. Both Spanish (ORa ¼ 1.39, 95% CI: 1.31–1.48) and Quechua (ORa ¼ 1.34, 95% CI: 1.25–1.43) as first spoken language were associated with DPT completion compared to native language speaking mothers. Women who worked (ORa ¼ 1.72, 95% CI: 1.57–1.88), studied (ORa ¼ 1.47, 95% CI: 1.33–1.62), or were housewives (ORa ¼ 1.41, 95% CI: 1.29–1.54) during the previous week were more likely to complete their children's DPT scheme compared to participants that did not work during the previous week. Women with the financial capability to access health care were less likely to complete the DPT scheme (ORa ¼ 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92–0.97). Considering the accessibility to health care centers, women who knew the nearest location (ORa ¼ 1.07, 95% CI: 1.03–1.11), had geographic accessibility (ORa ¼ 1.09, 95% CI: 1.06–1.13) or a current transport (ORa ¼ 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02–1.09) were more likely to complete their children ‘s DPT scheme. Our results highlight low diphtheria vaccine coverage levels in Peru, with values lower than what is recommended by the WHO. Results may serve as a baseline for future studies to improve vaccination programs, reduce barriers and increase DPT coverage in Peru.
Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Peru from 2020 to 2024
(Nature Portfolio, 2026-01-09) Sobkowiak, Benjamin; Langdon, Amy; Romero, Pedro E.; Carrasco-Escobar, Gabriel; Villa, Diego; Cava Miller, Renato; Cornejo Villanueva, Víctor; Dávila-Barclay, Alejandra; Cuicapuza, Diego; Salvatierra, Guillermo; González, Luis; Ayzanoa, Brenda; Huancachoque, Janet; Marcos-Carbajal, Pool; Gómez de la Torre, Juan Carlos; Barletta, Claudia; M. Chenet, Stella; Tapia-Limonchi, Rafael; Ballón, Jorge; Fernández, Patrick; Valderrama, Rosario; Leguía, Mariana; Delgado-Ratto, Christopher; Gotuzzo, Eduardo; Zamudio, Carlos; Lescano, Willy; Cárcamo, César; Hurtado, Verónica; Lope-Pari, Priscila; Padilla-Rojas, Carlos; Jiménez-Vásquez, Víctor; Escalante-Maldonado, Oscar; Araujo-Castillo, Roger V.; Cabezas, César; Colijn, Caroline; Tsukayama, Pablo
Background: Peru recorded one of the world’s highest COVID-19 mortality rates, with nearly 4.5 million reported cases and 220,000 deaths by March 2024. Understanding the emergence and spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants in this context is key to informing effective public health responses. This study describes the genomic diversity, transmission dynamics, and geographic spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Peru from 2020 to 2024. Methods: We analyzed nearly 50,000 high-quality public SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences collected nationwide between March 2020 and March 2024. Phylogeographic and mutational analyses were performed to identify variant lineages, trace their origins, and map viral movements within and beyond Peru. Results: We show that Peru’s epidemic waves were shaped by the emergence of locally evolved variants, including Lambda (C.37), Gamma (P.1.12), and Omicron (XBB.2.6 and DJ.1) sub-lineages. The city of Lima acted as the primary hub for inter-regional spread, accounting for 47.3% of inferred viral movements to other departments, notably Ancash, Cusco, and Piura. Peru was the source of various lineages that spread internationally, primarily to Chile, the USA, and Europe. Mutational analysis highlighted critical mutations in the spike protein, including L452Q and F490S in Lambda, associated with immune evasion and increased transmissibility. Conclusions: This work demonstrates the capacity of genomic surveillance in Peru to detect and track emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, providing insights into regional and global transmission dynamics in a high-transmission, middle-income country setting. Sustained, cost-effective genomic monitoring, combined with strengthened ioinformatics and laboratory capacity, is essential for pandemic preparedness in resource-limited settings.
Home-Based Respiratory Physiotherapy and Telephone-Based Psychological Support for COVID-19 Survivors in Peru: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
(JMIR Publications Inc., 2022-10-24) Soriano-Moreno, Anderson N.; Flores, Elaine C.; Hartinger, Stella M; Diaz, Arnold A.; Gianella,Gonzalo E.; Galvez-Buccollini, Juan A.; Coico-Lama, Abdiel H.; Malaga, German; Fajardo, Eufemia; Paredes-Angeles, Rubí; Otazú-Alfaro, Sharlyn; Lescano, Andres G; Checkley, William
Background: Both pulmonary and mental health are affected following hospitalization for COVID-19 pneumonia. Pulmonary rehabilitation therapy has demonstrated benefits in improving mental health, but no validated combined programs that include mental health have been proposed. Objective: This article presents the design of a trial that aimed to assess whether the participation in a combined rehabilitation program that includes home-based respiratory physiotherapy and telephone-based psychological support is associated with a greater improvement of pulmonary and mental health outcomes 7-12 weeks after COVID-19 hospitalization discharge compared with posthospital usual care provided by a public Peruvian hospital. Methods: WAYRA (the word for air in the Quechua language) was an open-label, unblinded, two-arm randomized controlled trial. We recruited 108 participants aged 18-75 years who were discharged from the hospital after COVID-19 pneumonia that required >6 liters/minute of supplemental oxygen during treatment. Participants were randomly assigned at a 1:1 ratio to receive the combined rehabilitation program or usual posthospital care provided by a public Peruvian hospital. The intervention consisted of 12 at-home respiratory rehabilitation sessions and 6 telephone-based psychological sessions. The primary outcome was the 6-minute walk distance. Secondary outcomes included lung function, mental health status (depression, anxiety, and trauma), and quality of life. Outcomes were assessed at baseline (before randomization) and at 7 and 12 weeks after hospital discharge to assess the difference between arms. Results: This study was funded by the Peruvian National Council of Science Technology and Technology Innovation in July 2020. Ethics approval was obtained on September 2, 2020. Recruitment and data collection occurred between October 2020 and June 2021. Results are expected to be published by the end of 2022. Conclusions: WAYRA was the first randomized controlled trial evaluating combined pulmonary-mental health rehabilitation for hospitalized COVID-19 survivors in resource-limited settings, potentially providing a foundation for the cost-effective scale-up of similar multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs.
Intelligent Digital Platform for Community-Based Rural Tourism—A Novel Concept Development in Peru
(MDPI, 2022-06-29) Maquera, Gladys; da Costa, Bruno B. F.; Mendoza, Óscar; Salinas, Raúl A.; Haddad, Assed N.
The COVID-19 pandemic has driven the rapid evolution and digitization of different tourism sectors through Industry 4.0. However, Community-based Rural Tourism (CRT) has not experienced the same technological advancement. Thus, considering tourism as a powerful socioeconomic driver, this research is based on the relevance of the CRT for the development of rural areas through job creation, preservation of historical-cultural and architectural heritage, and appreciation of the local market. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to present a concept development model of an intelligent digital platform (IDP), where tourism products and services are visualized, articulated, and integrated with the different actors of the CRT, offering a personalized tourist experience. The concept was developed based on Business Process Management and Business Model Canvas (BMC). Thus, through meetings and interviews, it was possible to extract essential information to obtain the necessary know-how for the development of the concept. It was concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic has established a new business scenario, intensifying and accelerating the use of digital tools and ICTs in several sectors, including tourism. However, the use of ICTs in CRT is still incipient. As Peru is a country where rural tourism has a strong tradition, but there are no specific platforms for CRT, which makes the broad dissemination of rural experiences difficult, a BMC template has been developed to integrate the expected objectives, and the application of the proposed framework serves as a guide for other platforms with different niches markets in the tourism sector.
Medical Professionalism and Its Association with Dropout Intention in Peruvian Medical Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic
(Behavioral Sciences, 2024-07-25) Hancco-Monrroy, Dante E.; Caballero-Apaza, Luz M; Abarca-Fernández, Denices; Castagnetto, Jesus M.; Condori-Cardoza, Fany A; De-Lama Moran, Raul; Carhuancho-Aguilar, Jose R.; Gutierrez, Sandra; Gonzales, Martha; Berduzco, Nancy; Delgado Bolton, Roberto C.; San-Martín, Montserrat; Vivanco, Luis
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic introduced unprecedented challenges to medical education systems and medical students worldwide, making it necessary to adapt teaching to a remote methodology during the academic year 2020–2021. The aim of this study was to characterize the association between medical professionalism and dropout intention during the pandemic in Peruvian medical schools. Methods: A cross-sectional online-survey-based study was performed in four Peruvian medical schools (two public) during the academic year 2020–2021. Medical students, attending classes from home, answered three scales measuring clinical empathy, teamwork, and lifelong learning abilities (three elements of medical professionalism) and four scales measuring loneliness, anxiety, depression, and subjective wellbeing. In addition, 15 demographic, epidemiological, and academic variables (including dropout intention) were collected. Variables were assessed using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The study sample was composed of 1107 students (390 male). Eight variables were included in an explanatory model (Nagelkerke-R2 = 0.35). Anxiety, depression, intention to work in the private sector, and teamwork abilities showed positive associations with dropout intention while learning abilities, subjective wellbeing, studying in a public medical school, and acquiring a better perception of medicine during the pandemic showed a negative association with dropout intention. No association was observed for empathy. Conclusions: Each element measured showed a different role, providing new clues on the influence that medical professionalism had on dropout intention during the pandemic. This information can be useful for medical educators to have a better understanding of the influence that professionalism plays in dropout intention.
Professionalism, emotional wellbeing, and dropout intention in health professions students during the pandemic
(Springer Science and Business Media LLC, 2025-07-08) Hancco-Monrroy, Dante E; Caballero-Apaza, Luz M; Abarca-Fernández, Denices; Condori-Cardoza, Fany A.; de Lama-Morán, Raul; Carhuancho-Aguilar, Jose R; Gutiérrez, Sandra; Gonzales Sota, Martha H; Berduzco-Torres, Nancy; Delgado Bolton, Roberto C; Vivanco, Luis
In March 2020, the WHO declared the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Peru was among the most affected countries, and one of the first ones to impose a strict lockdown. As a consequence, Peruvian universities were forced to change their classes from an in-person to a remote methodology during the academic year 2020–21. During this period, a cross-sectional online survey-based study was performed in medical and nursing faculties from four Peruvian universities (two of them public). The study sample, composed by 1707 undergraduate students (441 males) attending classes from home, answered three scales for measuring specific elements of professionalism (clinical empathy, teamwork, and lifelong learning abilities) in medicine and nursing, and four scales for measuring oneliness, anxiety, depression, and subjective wellbeing. In addition, 15 demographic, epidemiological, and academic variables (including dropout intention) were also collected. All this information is presented in a dataset that is available to other researchers and medical and nursing educators. Information concerning the data records, technical validation, and usage notes are also reported.
Remoción de metales pesados desde efluentes mineros, mediante cáscaras de frutas
(Universidad de Santander, 2020-01-01) Fernandez, Merli; Florez, Delia; Yactayo, Melissa; Lovera, Daniel; Quispe, Justiniano; Landauro, Carlos; Pardave, Walter
El hombre en sus distintos procesos productivos ha generado modificaciones al ambiente. La minería metalúrgica no se exime de esto, ya que muchos de los residuos producidos, en especial los efluentes, no cuentan con ningún tipo de tratamiento antes de ser vertidos. El objetivo de la investigación fue evaluar la eficiencia de remoción del Cu, Fe y Pb del efluente minero-metalúrgicos a escala de laboratorio mediante la aplicación de un filtro bioadsorbente con fibras lignocelulósicas (cáscaras de plátano, coco y naranja). Se diseñó 10 filtros compuestos por cáscaras de plátano, coco y naranja, en diferentes proporciones (siendo 100 gr el 100 %), según lo establecido mediante el Diseño de mezclas Simplex Lattice, con tres metales a remover (Cu, Fe y Pb). Se trabajó a un pH de 7.3, tiempo de contacto de 3 horas y tamaño de partícula de 0.250 mm, en todos los tratamientos. Los resultados muestran que para el Cu el mejor tratamiento fue (T2), con 100 gr de cáscaras de coco (96.36%); para el hierro el tratamiento seis (T6) compuesto por coco-naranja (50 gr de cada uno) con una eficiencia de (92.05%); y el plomo presentó una mayor remoción del 97.34% con los tratamientos tres (T3) y seis (T6) compuesto por 100 gr de naranja y coco-naranja (50 gr de cada uno), respectivamente. Los datos se ajustaron mejor al modelo de regresión cúbica especial, siendo para el cobre el valor P de 0.000305 y el coeficiente de determinación R2 0.790156. Para el hierro, el valor P 0.000000 y coeficiente de determinación R2 0.930029. El valor P del plomo fue de 0.000034 y el coeficiente de determinación R2 0.719867. Considerando que el valor de R2, es mejor mientras más se acerca a 1, y que (p<0,05) es significativo.
Starch-Based Pickering Emulsions for Bioactive Compound Encapsulation: Production, Properties, and Applications
(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2025-01-26) Corrêa Ramos, Giselle Vallim; Ramírez-López, Santiago; Cristina de Pinho, Samantha; Ditchfield, Cynthia; Freitas Moraes, Izabel Cristina
This review explores the extensive literature on starch particle-stabilized Pickering emulsions for encapsulating bioactive compounds in food products. These emulsions offer superior stability and unique properties for delivering bioactive compounds (such as polyphenols, carotenoids, fatty acids, and vitamins) in food systems such as sauces, dairy products, and functional foods. Encapsulation preserves the bioactivity of these compounds and enhances targeted delivery, offering potential nutritional and health benefits. Starch, although naturally hydrophilic and requiring modifications to enhance its functionality, is gaining increasing attention as a particle for stabilizing Pickering emulsions in foods systems. Various modifications, including chemical and structural changes, affect the functionality of starch in emulsions. This review discusses the key factors influencing emulsion stabilization, including particle and oil characteristics, as well as production methods, such as mechanical techniques. Research on the encapsulation of bioactive compounds using starch-stabilized emulsions and methods for their characterization are also presented. This review further identifies areas requiring more research, including alternative particle modification techniques, emulsion responses to external stimuli (pH, temperature), interactions between bioactive compounds and particles, their effects on digestion and nutrition, and the production of double emulsions for enhanced bioactive compound delivery.

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